Historical Timeline
Key events and periods in Mazar-i-Sharif's history
Explore the rich history of Mazar-i-Sharif through a chronological timeline of significant events, rulers, and cultural developments that have shaped its identity over the centuries.
Balkh Civilization
The nearby ancient city of Balkh (also known as Bactra) was one of the oldest centers of civilization in the region, dating back to at least 1500 BCE. It was the capital of Bactria and an important city on the Silk Road.
Foundation of Mazar-i-Sharif
According to tradition, the city was founded when a local mullah had a dream revealing that the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib (son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad) was located in this area. A shrine was built, which later became the Blue Mosque.
Timurid Era
During the Timurid Empire, the shrine gained importance and the settlement around it grew. The Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqara contributed to the development of the shrine complex.
Construction of the Blue Mosque
The current Blue Mosque (Shrine of Hazrat Ali) was built in its present form during this period, featuring the distinctive blue tiles that give it its name.
Integration into Modern Afghanistan
Mazar-i-Sharif became part of the modern Afghan state during the consolidation of Afghanistan under the Durrani Empire and subsequent rulers.
Soviet-Afghan War
The city was a stronghold of Soviet forces during the Soviet-Afghan War, with significant military presence due to its proximity to the Soviet border.
Taliban Capture
The Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif in 1997 but were initially driven out. They recaptured the city in 1998, resulting in the massacre of thousands of civilians, particularly from the Hazara ethnic group.
Northern Alliance Recapture
The Northern Alliance, with support from U.S. Special Forces, recaptured Mazar-i-Sharif from the Taliban in November 2001, marking one of the first major defeats for the Taliban after the U.S. intervention.
Reconstruction Period
Mazar-i-Sharif experienced relative stability and economic growth compared to other parts of Afghanistan, becoming a commercial hub for northern Afghanistan.
Recent History
The city fell to Taliban forces in August 2021 as part of the broader Taliban offensive following the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan.