Historical Timeline
Key events and periods in Kabul's history
Explore the rich history of Kabul through a chronological timeline of significant events, rulers, and cultural developments that have shaped its identity over the centuries.
Ancient Origins
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kabul area has been inhabited for thousands of years. The city likely began as a small settlement along the Kabul River.
Persian Achaemenid Empire
Kabul becomes part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire under Darius I, integrating it into one of the ancient world's largest empires.
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great's forces capture the region during his eastern campaign, bringing Greek influence to the area.
Kushan Empire
Kabul flourishes as part of the Kushan Empire, a period of significant Buddhist influence in the region.
Islamic Conquest
Arab armies bring Islam to the region, beginning the gradual conversion of the population to Islam.
Ghaznavid and Ghurid Rule
Kabul comes under the control of the Ghaznavid and later Ghurid dynasties, periods of cultural and intellectual flourishing.
Mongol Invasion
Genghis Khan's Mongol forces capture and largely destroy Kabul, causing significant population decline.
Mughal Empire
Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, captures Kabul in 1504 and uses it as his base before conquering northern India.
Durrani Empire
Timur Shah Durrani moves the capital of the Afghan Durrani Empire from Kandahar to Kabul, establishing it as Afghanistan's political center.
Anglo-Afghan Wars
Kabul becomes a focal point during the three Anglo-Afghan Wars as Britain attempts to expand its influence in the region.
Independence
Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Afghanistan gains full independence from British influence, with Kabul as its capital.
Modernization Period
Kabul experiences significant modernization with new infrastructure, universities, and cultural institutions.
Soviet Occupation
Soviet forces occupy Afghanistan, with Kabul as the center of the Soviet-backed government.
Civil War
Following Soviet withdrawal, Kabul suffers extensive damage during the civil war between various mujahideen factions.
Taliban Rule
The Taliban capture Kabul in 1996, imposing strict interpretation of Islamic law and destroying cultural artifacts.
Post-Taliban Era
After the fall of the Taliban, Kabul experiences reconstruction and development as the capital of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Recent History
Kabul returns to Taliban control following the withdrawal of international forces, beginning a new chapter in the city's long history.